I. Rule and Misrule in the cities
A. Critics and challenges
B. Political Machines
1) General Characteristics
C. Boss Tweed
1) The Tweed Ring
a)fraud and corruption
b)accomplishments
D. Other Centers of Power
1) Mayors
2)
3)
E. Divided Rule
1) Successes
a)enlargement of municipal services
b)creation of physical infrastructure
c)debt reduction
2) Failures
a)private property regulation
b)meeting the material needs of the poor
2) Experts
3) State governments

II.. Statehouses and Legislatures
A. State Activism
1)Regulation of financial and transportation sectors
2)Aiding Agriculture
3) Social Reforms
4) Prohibition and "local option"
B. Massachusettes and Unemployment
1) Investigation of the problem
2) Response
C. Characteristics of State Politics
1) Strong party organizations in some states
2) High voter turnout
3) Strong party allegiances
D. The South
1) Less Activism
2) The Politics of Race
a)fiercely contested elections through the 1880's
b)legal disfranchisement

III. The Politics of Insurgency
A. Labor uniting
1) National Unions
a)National Labor Union
b)Knights of Labor
c)American Federation of Labor
2) Politics and Strikes
a)political parties
b)Great Railroad Strike of 1877
c)Haymarket Square bombing
d)Pullman Strike
B. Women's Suffrage
1) Setbacks during Reconstruction
2) National women's suffrage organizations
3) Ideological sources of resistance to women's suffrage
a)harmful to women and family life
b)declining faith in democracy
4) Shifting arguments in favor of women's suffrage
5) Impact of the movement during the Gilded Age
C. Farmers and Their Discontents
1)Discontents
2)The Grange
3)Farmers Alliances
a)agenda
b)1890 political campaign

IV. The Nation State
A. Parties and Issues
1) Regional and class constituencies
2) Issues
a)the tariff
b)civil service reform
c)the money question
d)regulating buisness
e)the South and the nation
B. Presidential Politics
1) Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur
2) Cleveland and Harrison